Definition of international law

International law refers to the rules that govern international relations, activities or operations. There are two main branches of international law: public international law and private international law.

Public international law is focused on the relationships between States. It covers a wide range of issues, among which are commercial matters. Public international law is primarily based on treaties, customs, and general principles recognized by States.

States are sovereign. They may decide to limit their sovereignty by submitting to freely consented rules. These rules are defined by the States through treaties (also known as international conventions or accords).

Private international law, also known as conflict of laws, focuses on the international relationships between private parties. It deals with legal issues that arise in cross-border transactions involving individuals, companies, or other private entities. It provides rules to determine which jurisdiction ’s laws apply to a particular case and which courts are competent to judge a dispute, as well as the mechanisms allowing recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards. Private international law covers areas such as international contracts, torts, tax, family law matters, and international commercial arbitration.

Both branches of international law are closely linked. They work together to regulate the behavior of States and private parties in the international arena and facilitate cooperation and resolution of disputes between international actors, across different legal systems.